Greenwich Mean Time is a widely used historical term, however, due to ambiguity, its use is no longer recommended in technical contexts. Each local time is represented as an offset from UTC, with some zones making adjustments during the year for daylight saving. It is widely used as it avoids confusion with time zones and daylight saving changes. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is designed to synchronise clocks and computers over the Internet and encodes time using the UTC system. UTC is the time standard used for many Internet and World Wide Web protocols. Since the 1 st January 1972, there have been 24 positive leap second adjustments. On average, this occurs once every 12 - 18 months. When it appears that the difference is approaching this limit, a one second change is introduced to bring the two back into alignment. In accordance with international agreement, UTC and UT1 are not permitted to differ by more than 0.9 of a second. UTC is based upon UT1, which is the time determined by the rotation of the Earth. Universal Coordinated TimeĬoordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the international standard upon which civil time is based and by which the world regulates time. It is therefore extremely important to establish the correct time zone setting for the system to correctly convert these timestamps. Many timestamps are stored in UTC, and then converted to local time when presented to the user, and some are stored in local time. Operating systems and browser applications store date/time information in different ways using a variety of different timestamp formats. If this information is not established at an early stage and taken into account, then the validity of all date/time values may be brought into question due to the way operating systems and browser applications store date/time information. In a forensic examination, establishing the time zone from the suspect system is one of the first tasks for a forensic examiner.

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